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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<i>"It cost us 20 million lives to win the rivers and mountains of China. Do the students believe they can take them from us without payment?"</i><br />
Remark attributed to Wang Zhen after declaration of martial law in May 1989<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<i>"We love the students"</i></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
Message scribbled in my notes by a citizen of Beijing in May 1989 </div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<br />
As will be apparent from the material I've archived in this post, I was on the
scene at Tian An Men Square in Beijing for a good number of significant events
in 1989, including June 4<sup>th</sup> and also May 19, which might have turned
out to be even more significant.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A few weeks after I returned to the U.S., I wrote an account
of my experiences, submitted it to a national magazine, and received a nice
rejection letter stating that “at this stage it does feel a little out of date,
considering the volume of testimonies that have been published’.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Considering the saturation coverage the democracy movement
had received in the Western press, I couldn’t argue with that assessment, so I
tucked my account and my notes into an envelope, where they resided untouched
for thirty years.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
However, I revisited my old
typewritten/handwritten/faxed/photocopied archive yesterday and decided to
convert them into digital form and post them here to provide a documentary alternative to the June
4<sup>th</sup> fetishism (now supercharged by the hope that the CCP will be swept into the dustbin of history as a challenger to US pre-eminence) that infects the Western press and intelligentsia...<br />
<br />
...or as Nicholas Kristof put it in one of the endless series of June 4th 30th anniversary commemoratives run by the New York Times in its crusade to embarrass and delegitimize the CCP:<br />
<br />
<i><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-1qd0xha r-ad9z0x r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="auto">[T]hose of us who witnessed Beijing Spring are confident that eventually, unpredictably, the tide of freedom will roll in again.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Well, some of us who witnessed Beijing Spring harbor certain suspicions that 1989 witnessed a new birth of authoritarianism.<br />
<br />
Western nostalgia for 1989 is understandable, because it was the apogee of pro-American sentiment in
Beijing.<span> </span>When I was in the square,
locals were inviting the United States to send aid in the form of B 52 bombers,
missiles, and even the Mafia (to assassinate Li Peng and Yang Shangkun).<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But in my opinion the simplistic narrative of a democratic movement temporarily balked by authoritarian power simplifies the forces at work, ignores the post-1989 evolution of Chinese sentiment, and encourages the false hope that those (pro-American, regime-shaking) conditions
can be conveniently replicated in the 21<sup>st</sup> century.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The CCP has spent decades studying, developing
countermeasures, and evolving to make sure 1989 (and for that matter Tian An
Men) don’t happen again. And the U.S. has spent decades screwing up: stuff like bombing the Chinese embassy in Belgrade, cratering the prestige of liberal democracy through the Iraq War, Great Financial Crisis, Trumpismo, so on and so forth.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As preface to my 1989 material, I offer these observations concerning 1989 (and welcome
correction since I have not immersed myself in the history of the movement):</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Before the troops entered the city on the evening of June 3,
the democracy movement had already been pretty much defeated.<span> </span>The immense crowds had deserted Tian An Men
Square, leaving it to a relatively bedraggled and disorganized group of dead
enders.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When Zhao Ziyang visited the square on May 19 and told the
students he had “come too late” he was probably expressing his regret that he
had been completely outmaneuvered in the factional infighting in the Politburo
and terminally botched his attempt, whether motivated by reasons of principle
or ambition, to leverage the energies of the popular protests on behalf of his
agenda.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I have not followed the minutiae of June 4<sup>th</sup>
historiography, but I would be interested to learn who was the young man in
military fatigues who hurried to the square on May 19 (but had his face
shielded from cameras) to urgently announce Zhao Ziyang’s removal from the Politburo
Standing Committee, thereby rallying the students who were poised to abandon
the square that night.<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
If Zhao dispatched the messenger, perhaps Deng Xiaoping was
generous in simply putting Zhao in cold storage in Sichuan for the rest of his
life.<span> </span>And maybe history is generous in
not condemning Zhao for encouraging the students to cling to the square and
become a piñata for the PLA.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In my opinion, the 1989 movement was less of a “democracy
movement” than a “populist movement” in keeping with the base meaning of the Chinese characters 民主 a.k.a. "rule by the people".<span> </span>In
its rhetoric it largely eschewed direct challenge to the CCP’s right to rule,
and instead agitated for accountable rule, to be achieved through increased
freedom of expression and association, not multi-party democracy and free
elections.<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Undoubtedly for many activists the ultimate goal was to rot
the CCP into oblivion through free speech, protest, and agitation and
transition to a parliamentary system, but the formal mechanism was “petition”
i.e. appealing to the better nature of the CCP’s better leaders to come up with
solutions to the Party’s dysfunctional rule.<span>
</span>And Party rule in 1989 was pretty corrupt and pretty inept.<br />
<br />
This approach produced a designation of "bad" CCP leaders (Li Peng, Yang Shangkun, Wang Zhen etc.) and the declared hope that "better" CCP leaders (Zhao Ziyang, Wan Li, Xu Xiangqian, Nie Rongzhen) would step up to champion Hu Yaobang's legacy and the student agenda.<br />
<br />
Fatally, the ultimate "bad" CCP leader turned out to be Deng Xiaoping & he scotched any hopes of a favorable factional dynamic inside the CCP that would sideline the hardliners.<br />
<br />
Tian An Men is very much Deng Xiaoping's bloody baby. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Student hopes of an elite-fracturing factional struggle within the CCP leadership elicited Deng Xiaoping’s otherwise inexplicable fear of a return
to the Cultural Revolution and its mobilization of the entirety of Chinese
society in political, social, and armed conflict.<span> </span><br />
<br />
Perhaps for Deng, scuttling around in the
caverns beneath Zhong Nan Hai and dreading confrontation with a factional mob
reawakened unpleasant memories of his own experiences at the hands of Mao and
the Gang of Four…and explained his anger and contempt at Zhao Ziyang for
pandering to the students.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The message that Deng imposed on Zhao and the Party was the
familiar one of unity of the elite core: hang together or hang separately.<span> </span>It’s a lesson that the CCP has pretty much
taken to heart after the near-death experience of 1989 and the calamity that
afflicted post-Soviet Russia.<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
And I believe Deng’s outlook determined the endgame of the
protests: the bloody assault of June 3-4 and beyond.<span> </span>The assault was massive and disproportionate
so that every Party member was required to stand up, commit to the Party line
with positive/extreme action, and share the responsibility…and the guilt.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The posted materials include the rejected magazine piece, <i>Massacre of the Innocents</i>, which I wrote
in July 1989.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For historical interest I’ve also directly and completely transcribed
the record I compiled immediately after the protests in my hotel from my
scribbled notes made while out and about (sample of my field notes below with the statement in
Chinese “We love the students” that a Beijing citizen emphatically wrote for
me).<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirJn2k26YujSiSOppji5GPBtHxo17tlla7dxBP0jOfcN9ABkmjW23-l-W8shaVwo3ivVZ2GHpA-KwYmf5Q-tM7MJuOrH0GwbVTdAVXpATjdjc2sbqnl4ax1bSE7-O4X_usgKhb7Q/s1600/scan.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirJn2k26YujSiSOppji5GPBtHxo17tlla7dxBP0jOfcN9ABkmjW23-l-W8shaVwo3ivVZ2GHpA-KwYmf5Q-tM7MJuOrH0GwbVTdAVXpATjdjc2sbqnl4ax1bSE7-O4X_usgKhb7Q/s640/scan.jpg" width="494" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The record is reproduced without addition or correction
(except for my tongue in cheek references of the protesters’ motorcycle auxiliary
as “Deng’s Angels”; I provide the correction to “Flying Tigers”, the name they
became commonly known by).<span> </span>[Bracketed
material] was written as part of the record in my hotel in 1989 immediately
after the events to supplement and clarify my field notes.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Raw material of history, historians!</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span> </span>The timestamped
material is stuff I directly witnessed.<span>
</span>The other stuff either summarizes conversations with local interlocutors
or presents my commentary at that time.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Final note: I am confident of the accuracy of most of my
observations, except hearing the crowd sing “The Internationale” at 3:00
AM<span> </span>on June 4.<span> </span>When you’re tired and freaked out, your mind
can play tricks on you.<span> </span>I might have
dreamed that one.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-size: large;">Massacre of the Innocents</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I was on Chang An Avenue west of Tian An Men on the night of
the massacre.<span> </span>Shortly after midnight I
walked beyond the XiDan Street barricade—two accordion buses pulled across the
intersection.<span> </span>Down the avenue toward the
west I could hear the continuous popping of automatic weapons, and see muzzle
flashes and the distant orange glow of a burning bus.<span> </span>The broad avenue was dotted with anxious
knots of people smashing paving stones and pulling apart traffic lights in a
desperate search for weapons.<span> </span>Suddenly,
a young man fell in the middle of the street.<span>
</span>A crowd hurriedly gathered around him, picked him up amid shouted
instructions, and rushed to a nearby hospital.<span>
</span>The gunfire grew in volume and intensity, and the scattered groups of
people were swept off the avenue in a wave of panic.<span> </span>Tear gas began to fill the air.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I turned and found myself looking into the eyes of a young woman.<span> </span>She was in her best summer dress and
awkwardly gripping two lumps of rubble torn from the sidewalk.<span> </span>She was struggling to keep control of herself,
but her eyes were filling with tears and her voice was cracking.<span> </span>“Do you see what they’re doing?” she
sobbed.<span> </span>Can you imagine they would do
such a thing?<span> </span>Please, you must go back
and tell what you saw.<span> </span>Please.”<span> </span>As a chorus of voices echoed her, I was led
to the center of the avenue where the young man had fallen and saw the splash
of fresh, crimson blood near the median.<span>
</span>Shortly thereafter, the authorities blacked out the western district and
the military column began its assault on the intersection.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I had been in and out of Beijing on business several times
in the month prior to June 4.<span> </span>Every time
I came back to the capital, I would follow the thousands of people who would
stream into Tian An Men Square to visit the students there, read the banners,
and gather under the streetlights for excited discussions of politics and
strategy.<span> </span>Every night the city shared a
mood dictated by conditions in the square—exhilaration, exhaustion, indignation,
or anxiety.<span> </span>The citizens glowed with
pride and self-respect, and the democracy movement acquired an aura of
predestined success.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In its earliest stages, the student demonstrations were
characterized by a high degree of discipline and organization.<span> </span>During the hunger strike, direction of
traffic in the center of the city was for all intents and purposes surrendered
by the police to the students’ Marshals’ Committee, headquartered on the steps
of the History Museum east of the square.<span>
</span>Roadways were demarcated by lengths of white cord and reserved for the
ambulances carrying a continual stream of hunger strikers to the hospitals.
Captains were identified with white headbands and dispatched to the
intersections to clear the way and maintain order.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As the scope of the demonstrations grew, the students were
joined by workers marching under the banners of their factories , and
“independent business men” on their motorcycles forming the famous “Flying
Tiger” squad.<span> </span>With the students
receiving open and <i>sub rosa</i> support
from the media, government bureaucracy, and even the CCP, it seemed the square
was becoming the fulcrum for a truly national political movement.<span> </span>The enthusiasm probably reached its apogee on
May 19, the night martial law was declared.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On that night, it appeared the students were prepared to
abandon both the square and their hunger strike.<span> </span>Around midnight the marshals formed a human
chain leading out of the southeast quadrant of the square and began directing
the withdrawal of hundreds of students.<span>
</span>One after the other, various university delegations dissolved their
distinct, tightly knit encampments, and streamed out of Tian An Men Square.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the middle of this process a three-wheeled pedicab,
several young men balanced precariously on its bed, jounced into the square near
the Monument to the Martyrs of the Revolution.<span>
</span>One of their number, dressed in military green, pulled out a
battery-powered megaphone and announced to the crowd what he identified as
“most correct news”.<span> </span>His face shielded
from TV cameras by the arm of a colleague, he proceeded to details the events
of that afternoon’s meeting of the Politburo Standing Committee—the rejection
of Zhao Ziyang’s conciliatory approach, his removal, and the ascendancy of Li
Peng’s hardline clique.<span> </span>Moments later,
as if to confirm this extremely accurate and timely announcement, the
government loudspeakers crackled to life and began booming out the government’s
declaration of martial law.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A buzz of indignation ran through the crowd and the squads,
which had been leaving, hesitated and returned.<span>
</span>The square became a hive of activity, with a stream of speeches over the
students’ PA at the Monument, and spontaneous parades around the perimeter of
the square on foot, under banners, or on bicycles with arms linked<span> </span>Meanwhile, factory trucks filled with defiant
workers flashing the V sign began rumbling and down the avenue.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Within the hour, reports were received that the army was
attempting to enter the city from the west.<span>
</span>Student teams began to rush off in trucks and bicycles, and the Flying
Tigers raced along the avenues unrestricted by the traffic police.<span> </span>The streets filled with excited people
exchanging news and rumors, and hitching rides on trucks headed west.<span> </span>Sometime trucks pulled away with stragglers
trapped in the grasp of passengers on the flatbed, forcing them to do a frantic
quickstep to get on board.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Their objective was twenty four army vehicles stopped about
6 miles west of Beijing, around a floodlit traffic circle called Gong Zhu
Fen.<span> </span>I arrived to find the glum and hapless
soldiers surrounded by crowds of hectoring students reading statement for their
benefit, and for the TV cameras.<span> </span>The
surrounding crowds surged with excitement and energy.<span> </span>Truckloads of students and Flying Tigers
performed ecstatic victory donuts around the circle and roared back into the
city.<span> </span>As dawn filled the east, the
residents of Beijing began to appear, walking, jogging, doing Tai Qi, or airing
their thrushes in cloth-hooded cages.<span>
</span>The first morning bus lumbered down Chang An Avenue was stopped by a
crowd of students imploring the driver to join the general strike—and he did.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Walking homeward, I reached the official party
residence—Zhong Nan Hai, west of the square—as the soldiers trooped out to the
great flagpole in the cool, pale morning for the daily raising of the
colors.<span> </span>The doorway was hung with
tattered student banners and a press of haggard young people surrounded the
squad.<span> </span>An expressionless captain fixed
the PRC flag to the lanyard and hoisted it.<span>
</span>He stiffly snapped a salute, and the students joined in a ragged
rendition of the Chinese national anthem.<span>
</span>It seemed as if a great and fundamental change had occurred.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The first week of martial law began with a flush of
optimism.<span> </span>Citizens gathered in the
square every night to protect the student demonstrators, and the streets were
filled with the thunder of the Flying Tigers, which had grown into an immense squadron
of nearly 250 Hondas, Suzukis, and mopeds.<span>
</span>So long as the army didn’t enter the city, every sunrise was a victory,
and the downfall of Li Peng was predicted daily.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
However, it is easy to see in retrospect that the students’
cause was lost on May 20, at the declaration of martial law.<span> </span>The hunger strike was abandoned and the
students were left without a concrete program or strategy to oppose a
government which refused to engage in any sort of dialogue.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Meanwhile, the government consolidated direction of the army
during meetings in Wuhan with the commanders of the military districts.<span> </span>PLA forces were stationed in TV and newspaper
offices to reestablish control over the media.<span>
</span>It was common knowledge that troops were infiltrating into the center of
the city through a honeycomb of tunnels which connect the Forbidden City, Great
Hall of the People, and History Museum to secure locations outside the
city.<span> </span>Enormous military forces—estimated
at well over 200,000 strong—were rushed to Beijing and massed in the suburbs.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the city, work units began to tighten control over their
personnel and their vehicles, and compiled detailed records of pro-democracy
activities.<span> </span>The Flying Tigers were
crippled by arrests (informants had joined their nightly processions and noted
their license numbers) and thus the students lost their reassuring thunder—and
mobility.<span> </span>A temporary tax of 200% on
inward remittances cut off most of the demonstrators’ funds from Hong Kong, and
petty harassments such as interruption of water supplies to the square further
drained their strength and resolve.<span>
</span>Finally, the government made its first overt move against the movement,
arresting three members of the workers’ independent union on June 3. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The tragedy of June 4 was rehearsed the night before—as
farce.<span> </span>At 2:00 AM I was awakened by
somebody bicycling under my window shouting “Comrades! Get up! Get up!”<span> </span>Moments later I heard the synchronized slap
of thousands of tennis shoes as an immense column of soldiers trotted down
Chang An Avenue.<span> </span>They were without
rifles or military jackets, and extraordinarily young-looking.<span> </span>In fact, I first mistook them for a
contingent of Young Pioneers, the communist party youth corps.<span> </span>I ran ahead toward the Beijing Hotel and saw
that an excited crowd had gathered at the Dong Dan intersection.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As the column approached the people frantically began to
pull the median dividers across the street to block the troops’ advance.<span> </span>At first they tried to erect their barricades
across the road too close to the head of the column, and the troops brushed
them aside.<span> </span>The citizens ran down the
road and repeated the process fifty yards onward—with the same result.<span> </span>Finally, in front of the Beijing Hotel, two
municipal vehicles drove up to block the road to the accompaniment of excited cheers
from the crowd.<span> </span>At the same time the
vanguard of the troops allowed themselves to be herded into the bicycle lane
and sandwiched between its divider and the sidewalk fence.<span> </span>They were enveloped by a crowd of shouting,
grasping people and their discipline quickly cracked.<span> </span>Young soldiers broke from the column either
to join the people or escape the harassment, and others, trapped in the center
of the column, began pitching their hats and gear into the air.<span> </span>Some clambered over the fence and began
straggling out of town on the sidewalk. Finally, someone from the square
appeared with a megaphone and began shouting instructions, which were
universally ignored.<span> </span>As the column
dissolved, the crowd roared in unison “Go back! Go back!”<span> </span>A pedicab drove off toward the square with a
meagre pile of trophies—hats, jackets, and so on—for a victory lap.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There was immediate speculation that this fiasco had been
organized by the government in order to discredit the unreliable units of the
Beijing Military Command which had taken part in the march.<span> </span>Less attention was paid to the fact that this
inept thrust had demonstrated the tactical helplessness of the student
movement.<span> </span>After the fall of Zhao Ziyang,
the students were clearly bereft of information concerning government actions
and troop movements.<span> </span>The streets had
been cleared of the Flying Tigers and commandeered trucks, and student messengers
had to traverse the vast distances of Beijing municipality by bicycle.<span> </span>Students from the local colleges had, in
large part, returned to their campuses, leaving the square to arriving students
from outlying cities—who were perhaps more extreme, less organized, and with no
clear strategy other than to cling to the square until a hoped-for meeting of
the Standing Committee of the People’s Congress and a presumed political
solution.<span> </span>Finally, the students and the
people of Beijing were exhausted, worn down by tension, exhilaration, and an
endless succession of sleepless nights.<span>
</span>The next night brought the whirlwind they were totally unprepared for.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On the afternoon of June 3, I walked down Chang An Avenue
and through the square.<span> </span>The main road
was extensively barricaded and virtually impassable to motorized traffic.<span> </span>Near the Zhong Nan Hai party compound there
were unsettling signs of violence from a skirmish an hour before: three smashed
vehicles, a traffic kiosk with its windows knocked out, glass littering the
intersection—and seven anxious police trapped in a van by an angry crowd.<span> </span>One man came up to me and showed a blunt,
grey-brown trophy—a tear gas canister.<span>
</span>It was the first time force had been used in the city center.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In front of the Great Hall of the People, I came across a
hollow rectangle of several hundred determined-looking troops in full battle
dress.<span> </span>A young man wandered through it
with blood streaming copiously over his face and shirt from a scalp wound, his
mouth gaping and hands raised in a universal gesture of lamentation.<span> </span>A murmur ran through the crowd but no one
spoke or stepped forward.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
That night around midnight, having heard a report on CNN of
new troop movements, I made my way past the barricades to the square once
more.<span> </span>There was a swirl of disassociated
activity going on, with the main student PA at the monument competing with
another, in the northern quarter, which was ineffectually attempting to
interest the crowd in the dedication of “Democracy University”.<span> </span>I paid my final respects to the Goddess of
Democracy and followed a stream of angry young people striding westward on Chang
An Avenue toward the Zhong Nan Hai compound.<span>
</span>For the first time I saw people carrying clubs—actually pathetic
switches torn from the sapling by the road—and gathering piles of broken
bricks. The entrance to the compound was ringed by tense and angry people
confronting a line of troops in battle dress.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I was waiting for a shout, a push, or a slogan which would
send the crowd surging against the troops, but it never came.<span> </span>Instead, we watched two young men engage in a
painstaking and farcical attempt to drape a ripped sheet over the security
camera mounted on a lamp pole across from the compound entrance.<span> </span>Shortly after midnight they succeeded in
clambering up the pole and stuffing a plastic pail over the lens, and were
rewarded with a half-derisory, half congratulatory cheer.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the next moment we hear a distant wave of rumbling and
popping which might have been summer thunder, but turned out to be the first
sounds of the army assault from the west at Mu Xi Di.<span> </span>Twenty minutes later I found myself outside
the barricade at Xi Dan Street as the armed column began sweeping down the
avenue to crush the democracy movement in the center of the capital.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
June 4 was not the triumph of age over youth, or the past
over the future.<span> </span>It was the victory of
the party elders led by Deng Xiaoping—creators and masters of the party-state
juggernaut, with decades of revolutionary experience—over naïve students and
untested second generation party bureaucrats.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Declaration of martial law hamstrung the students’ movement
while concentrating authority and effective control in the hands of the
hardline Martial Law Command.<span> </span>But
bringing the army to Beijing served a broader purpose.<span> </span>It created an atmosphere of intense political
crisis which enabled Deng Xiaoping to initiate an extensive and draconian purge
of Chinese society which is still going on today.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This opportunity brought with it a historical conundrum—how
to mobilize the army and still maintain control of it.<span> </span>Addressing this problem, Deng Xiaoping also
showed that the innocent patriotic optimism of the students was no match for
the old men who had created and manipulated the PLA for half a century.<span> </span>As the democracy movement learned to its
bitter cost, in China, the Party—despite its ideological impotence and the
bankruptcy of its political and economic leadership—is the only organization
capable of exacting obedience from China’s fractious military.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The traditional approach—splitting the PLA into competing
armies isolated in garrisons far from Beijing—would not serve, since units had
to be brought into the capital.<span> </span>Instead,
Deng Xiaoping allowed the Martial Law Army to become a vehicle for the ambitions
of President Yang Shangkun and his family, while bringing in dozens of neutral
or hostile armies and creating a welter of competing loyalties and ambitions to
be manipulated by Deng’s Central Military Commission.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The massive mobilization effectively neutralized the threat
of unilateral PLA action but in the process virtually assured a violent and
costly military solution to the unarmed civilian occupation of Tian An Men
Square.<span> </span>It was rumored that the 27<sup>th</sup>
Army—commanded by Yang Shangkun’s son-was designated to lead the assault and
threatened with 2 years’ imprisonment as a unit if it did not carry out its
orders and reach the square on the morning of June 4.<span> </span>In the event, it took something more than six
hours and well over 2000 lives.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The column advancing into Tian An Men Square from the west
was a lethal motorcade of armored personnel carriers and transports filled with
troops.<span> </span>It rammed through the barricades
at Xi Dan and established a strong point at the intersection, continually
spraying the approaches with automatic rifle fire in the air, at the feet, and
at chest height.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I took cover in an alley parallel to Chang An Street.<span> </span>It was filled with people sheltering from the
continual hail of gunfire outside.<span> </span>A
pedicab creaked by on the way to the hospital, with a man lying on the bed in the
back.<span> </span>He was naked from the waist up,
and very still.<span> </span>A white towel pressed
against the center of his chest showed a brilliant red dot.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I spent the next two hours huddled in a tiny courtyard near
the intersection with a group of grim young Chinese.<span> </span>Some embraced silently, others murmured in an
undertone beneath the continual crackle of rifle fire about casualties,
tactics, and the future.<span> </span>Two were
wounded, and the group tried to turn its concentration to treating them.<span> </span>We watched under flashlight as a foot with an
arterial wound pulsed and bled slowly through its bandages into a porcelain
basin.<span> </span>An old couple brought out a
minute bottle of iodine, which was diligently inspected for its expiration date
and conscientiously applied.<span> </span>Finally,
one of the residents took a door off its hinges to serve as a stretcher and the
wounded young man was sent off with bearers and guide on the perilous journey
to the local hospital.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
About 3:00 AM, a powerful chorus filled the air—a mass of
people on Chang An Street were singing the “Internationale”.<span> </span>The gunfire rose in a crescendo to meet it
and after a few minutes the voices fell silent.<span>
</span>I thought, this is what the end of the world must sound like: choirs and
machine guns.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Shortly thereafter, the two-hour barrage of gunfire ceased
and quiet filled the intersection.<span> </span>There
was a gentle ‘whump’ and the sky over the rooftop in front of us filled with
orange fire and black smoke.<span> </span>We ventured
outside and found the intersection deserted except for three burning buses and a
few onlookers.<span> </span>I struck out on the
two-hour walk back to the hotel.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As I crossed the Bei Hai bridge to the northwest of the
Forbidden City, I could faintly hear the government loudspeakers from Tian An
Men echoing across the lake, ordering the students to obey the martial law
army.<span> </span>Hardfaced old men and women had
appeared on the sidewalks on the back streets, perched on miniature bamboo
stools.<span> </span>Passersby warned me in anxious whispers
to “Be careful!” since I was being followed, and directed me down alleys and
side streets.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dawn broke over a fearful and subdued city.<span> </span>A pedestrian told me 3000 were dead.<span> </span>I ducked into my hotel through the garage
entrance at 5:00 AM, just as dozens of tanks and armored personnel carriers
rumbled past its door.<span> </span>The democracy movement
was crushed and the massacre of the innocents, for that night, at least, was
over.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It is eerily appropriate that very few students died inside
Tian An Men Square.<span> </span>The real targets
were outside—not only the thousands who died on the roads leading into and
surrounding the square, but the hundreds of thousands of students, workers, and
small-time businessmen, the bureaucrats, intelligentsia, and reporters who
dared to challenge the party’s hegemony.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As the depth and extent of the purges becomes clearer, the
suspicion grows that the bloodshed of June 4 was not born of accident, panic,
or military necessity.<span> </span>Through gross
provocations, whether by incompetence or design, the authorities preserved a
nucleus of defiant young people in the center of the city, which could justify
the assault and the cynical post-facto discovery of a counter-revolutionary
conspiracy.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Certainly, Deng Xiaoping had to avoid the hollow triumph of
peacefully occupying an empty square; very possibly he had to move up the
timetable for the final assault to prevent his army’s advance from being
outpaced by the retreat of the rapidly ebbing democracy movement.<span> </span>The unpopular and isolated hard-line junta
needed martial law in order to consolidate its control over the party and state
organs.<span> </span>It needed victims, and found
them, young and eager, on the streets of Beijing on the morning of June 4,
1989.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Little more than a month has passed, and the Chinese
government is trying to bury the memory of the tragedy in Tian An Men Square
beneath a mountain of words.<span>
</span>Nevertheless, it is doubtful that the tautological perfection of
Communist propaganda will make the people forget that their government failed
them so completely—and so needlessly.<span> </span>If
the students were the soul of China, that soul is now scarred and
embittered.<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
During that final night, as we watched the laden stretcher
wind away down the alley, an old woman turned to me and said bitterly, “Without
the students, China has nothing.<span> </span>Come
back in two years and you will see.<span> </span>No
civilization, no nation.<span> </span>There will be
nothing left.<span> </span>Nothing.”</div>
<span><br clear="all" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Below my notes from mid-May to early June 1989</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<br />
<a name="more"></a><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Fax: Events of May 19 – 21</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Cover sheet </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Central areas honeycombed with tunnels (constructed same
time as subway) running to Zhang Jia Kou.<span>
</span>Probably many soldiers in GHOP, Worker’s Park.<span> </span>Soldiers infiltrating in plainclothes,
hundreds seized.<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Maybe fabricate incident like rushing GHOP for
bloodbath.<span> </span>27 + 38 armies turned, kept
away to avoid propagandizing other units.<span>
</span>Govt lying, telling Shanghai that Beij people trying to manipulate
them.<span> </span>Beida hunger strikers not
cheating, tho others sneak candy bar.<span>
</span>Should take some milk.<span> </span>Supporters
espec weak, get little water, travelling 4-5 hrs/day.<span> </span>Wan Li sent cable saying only PC Congress can
issue martial law decree, so Li’s decree illegal.<span> </span>200 PC reps can form quorum, declare govt
illegal.<span> </span>Students don’t hv
administrative leader, don’t what to do.<span>
</span>Maybe Yang Jicun could lead.<span> </span>D
hates them, an animal.<span> </span>Destroyed Muslim
village to babies in 60s, don’t dare hv any involvement w/ demos fear of arrest
as hostages.<span> </span>People going into
hiding.<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Fax body</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5/19/89</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Walked to square first around 10:00 PM.<span> </span>Entry to square at southern quarter, student
marshals keeping lanes clear for ambulances.<span>
</span>Didn’t seem to be much going on, local students going out of the square,
out of town students going in.<span> </span>Went back
to hotel, CNN said Zhao out and square supposed to be cleared at midnight, so I
took a taxi to Xinqiao and walked over.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
11:50 Wuer Kaixi spoke, sounding weak, asked everyone to
stay calm and united, said he’d been in hospital 2 days.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Midnight broadcast news.<span>
</span>Fast enters 8<sup>th</sup> day “please drink water”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12:30 Guy in uniform says “reliable news” Zhou [sic Zhao]
gone, Li GenSec by 4 to 1 vote (only Wan Li backed).<span> </span>Photo’d by CBC guy [crowd yelled at him not
to turn on light & photograph.<span>
</span>Friend put arm around spokesman and hid side of S-man’s face w/
megaphone.<span> </span>They were standing on cart
pedaled into square].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12:45 Li Peng speech w/ applause [on tape].<span> </span>Movement is <i>Dongluan</i>.<span> </span>Back to school/to
work</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12:52 Yang Shangkun supports.<span> </span>Very vigorous voice.<span> </span>It’s “anarchy” (<i>wuzhengfu</i>).<span> </span>“Capital can’t
be capital:<span> </span>“Very serious”<span> </span>PLA must come into Beijing.<span> </span>Unavoidable since order can’t be
maintained.<span> </span>Police too tired.<span> </span>“Not against students but to maintain normal
Beijing life, protect some key organizations and depts.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
[some people in square] making fun of Yang’s accent “<i>Shou guo jiao yu ma?</i>” [Yang says] pls
forgive and support.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Meeting of everybody [Announcer read list of orgs attending]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Li Ximin [Pek mayor] “Firm measures against chaos<span> </span>Crowd boos.<span>
</span>“Things were OK before beginning of April—oops, May, then chaos.<span> </span>More & more students, demo.<span> </span>Traffic jammed orgs attacked.<span> </span>Affected production, order.<span> </span>Hunger strike “not completely” over.<span> </span>Students sick.<span> </span>Small minority manipulating <span lang="ZH-CN">其与人道主义也不讲</span>
(really upset [sound in his voice]) Sincerely asked to stop hunger strike, then
dialogue, [?]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1:05 <span lang="ZH-CN">北京工业大学</span>[students march through square] look serious [chant] <span lang="ZH-CN">不怕</span>, “Li
Peng <span lang="ZH-CN">胡说</span>
Li [says] serious danger to PRC won by our blood</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Students hearts are good [Li] “disturbing order doesn’t
achieve objectives, just the opposite” “small, small minority creating chaos to
achieve ends [which] can’t be realized through proper legal channels/<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
[Their objectives]</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">
<span><span>1.<span>
</span></span></span><span><span> </span>Deng, ccp
leadership</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span><span>2.<span>
</span></span></span><span>Socialist [system]</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<span><span>3.<span>
</span></span></span><span>Attack anti bourgeois [liberalism]</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span>1:10 “attack the great Deng Xiaoping.<span>
</span>Attack legal govt people’s dictatorship.<span>
</span>Trying to ignite fire, destroy reform.<span>
</span>Take away China’s hope”<span> </span></span><span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
[govt exercised] one month of restraint, no other govt could
do this(derisive cheers)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1:13 <span lang="ZH-CN">外语学院</span><span lang="ZH-CN"> </span>[marches thru]<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Li speech continues </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Rep[air?] party/govt order<span>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">
<span><span>1)<span>
</span></span></span>Immediately stop hunger strike, leave square,
restore health</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<span><span>2)<span>
</span></span></span>Students, levels of societies [sic] stop
demonstrations, support of student</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
Speech goes on, people do some
yawning (1:18)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
“Class boycotters ‘unconditionally’
return”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
1:21 Yang Shangkun again endorses</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
Citizens of Tianjin parade by</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
Yang complaining about disruption
of Gorbachev’s visit</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
Repeats necessary for PLA to come
in (seems to be repeating first remark).<span>
</span>[speech was being broadcast continuously]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
Banner <span lang="ZH-CN">军民一心反对独裁</span><span lang="ZH-CN"> </span>students and army must oppose arbitrary power</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
Broadcast over</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
1:38 bus circling on west side of
square: speaks against Li, Yang, singing International<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
Students [in square] stand up,
link arms in double line to keep outsiders separate</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
Shangrila hotel banner</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
1:45 people [ ] Crowd after bus
which is circling square</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span lang="ZH-CN">工人急了</span>people starting to get
excited.<span> </span>Continue to repeat speech
[broadcast].<span> </span>Little knots of people
agitatedly discussing strategy (saying they’ll come in both sides of<span> </span><span lang="ZH-CN">长安街</span>, should block streets.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
People going thumbs up because
they think I’m a journalist</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
1:45 students up + singing</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
N[orthern] 3<sup>rd</sup> of
square almost empty</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
1:59 bus starts moving, ??, TV
lights</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
2:04 Xibei march through 2:05 bus
with lights</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
People blocking army trucks [all
student hunger strike 5/20 if troops enter [heard this news]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
2:20 Crowded trucks to square</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
[I was told trucks blocked west of
city and saw many trucks filled with students driving in that direction.<span> </span>I left Tiananmen and began walking west on
Chang An street]<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
2:38 march outside <span lang="ZH-CN">中南海</span><span lang="ZH-CN"> </span>[sing] <span lang="ZH-CN">起来</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
2:45 accident, red sedan speeds,
sideswipes but, no one stops</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
[walked way out to
Gongzhufen.<span> </span>People on streets, cars
speeding back + forth]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
4:30 25 trucks w/ soldiers stuck
at Gongzhufen.<span> </span>Catechizing students,
trucks of supporters doing victory laps</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
5:10 <span lang="ZH-CN">复兴门</span>”Strike”
“Strike”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
5:21 street lights go off</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
5:35 first bus at<span> </span><span lang="ZH-CN">东单</span>.<span>
</span>Try to persuade driver to strike.<span>
</span>Students get on.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
5:50 flag raised at <span lang="ZH-CN">中南海</span>.<span> </span>Students sing national anthem in ragged
manner, applaud when finished.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
[walked back to jianguo.<span> </span>Got there 7:15.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
10:00 martial law</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
11:32 CNN ground link goes off</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
[PM take a taxi find no activity
on<span> </span><span lang="ZH-CN">北三环</span>,<span> </span>Go south]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
14:50 Baiyunlu 5 army trucks and
soldiers surrounded </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
16:00 <span lang="ZH-CN">东高地</span>[near
Nanyuan Airport] 3 jeeps 3 box [like communications? Trucks] 47 armored
personnel carriers 4 trucks w/ trailers 9 troop trucks w/ 40 guys.<span> </span>Been there 20 hours<span> </span><span lang="ZH-CN">航空学院</span>’s got them.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
Announced 1) 30 students injured
in clash this morning, in<span> </span><span lang="ZH-CN">丰台</span>hospital.<span> </span>2) <span lang="ZH-CN">天安门</span><span lang="ZH-CN"> </span>water cut
off, need help to restore</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
16:36 6 [army] trucks w/ troops
withdrew at Yongdingmen, waving V signs [from troops]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
[Saw barricade of buses at <span lang="ZH-CN">三环建门外</span><span lang="ZH-CN"> </span>intersection]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
[Took taxi downtown then ??
streets]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
22:35 “<i>daoqiang bu ru”</i> don’t fear knives or guns</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span lang="ZH-CN">中国人起来</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
Lining the streets thickly after
Jianguomen10:42 “keep alert don’t sleep”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
Crowds on Dongdan bridge, traffic
a mess, better after Dong Dan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
Southside of Changan kept free for
ambulances</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
23:00 Down w/ Li Peng</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
In square</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
23:11 [organizers] thanking people
of Beijing for support</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
22:15 overheard estimate 300-400 k
[people] in square</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
Fountains working mood calm but
alert</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
23:20 medical workers collecting
contributions.<span> </span>Half of street around <span lang="ZH-CN">天安门</span>roped
off for spectators</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
23:33 people expecting action 2-3
am after crowd of onlookers thins out</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
23:35 motorcycle squad seems big,
well over 150 bikes</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
[didn’t expect anything to happen
–army too far away – so walked back to Jianguo]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
5/21</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
06:40 woken up by helicopters</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
11:00 CNN reported rumors of
troops in Great Hall of People, Forbidden City.<span>
</span>Think the govt might try something, maybe tear gas attack and rush
square—government willing to risk violent confrontation for one stroke at
Tiananmen to finish problem –wouldn’t take political risk of battle on
outskirts, mobilization inside.<span> </span>There
are disciplined units out there waiting to use force against citizens for a
strategically worthwhile objective.<span>
</span>Assume they can infiltrate troops to forbidden city/ghop thru secret
tunnels a/w/a subway.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
After Hu’s death the students
demanded dialogue and moves against corruption.<span>
</span>The govt was paralyzed since everyone, including Zhao, have children w/
dirty hands.<span> </span>The govt knew dialogue
would lead to corruption accusations, so their attitude was consistently
hostile.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
If anything the emergence of
reporters as the first supporters reinforced this hostility.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
I think there was always an unspoken
understanding that the students were pursuing a provocative course, and wishing
to embarrass the leadership.<span> </span>Normally
one would expect more acceptable leaders to be put forward, but Zhao was not
yet properly qualified, and a clear alternative wasn’t available.<span> </span>Nevertheless because of deep distaste for the
leadership, the public was willing to watch the leadership be embarrassed. <span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
The hunger strike was a
masterstroke showing that the leadership was willing to let the students die
rather than submit to the embarrassment of a dialogue. This turned public
distaste into positive dislike for the regime.<span>
</span>Zhao cleverly began to make himself palatable to the students.<span> </span>On the night of 4/29 it was reported Zhao ah
offered 1) to take blame for the editorial 2) allow investigation of his 2
corrupt sons, presenting himself as the one leader willing to face up to the
corruption issue, thereby restoring public confidence and enabling the country
to be led.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
It is difficult to think of a more
politically maladroit leader than Li Peng.<span>
</span>As soon as he mentioned “<i>dong
luan”</i> (recapitulating the 4/26 editorial) he incurred the visceral disgust
of the populace.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
When the people emerged and joined
the students, dialogue became the only morally/politically viable response.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
Cities, especially capitals, do
not forgive the leaders who order their occupation.<span> </span>He can have no real future except as the
puppet of the hardliners.<span> </span>Even they see
him as a potential political sacrifice.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
Scenarios</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">
<span><span>1)<span>
</span></span></span><span lang="ZH-CN">天安门</span>square forcefully and successfully
occupied ( maybe dawn tomorrow since I don’t think those helicopters like to
fly at night).<span> </span>Li stays on top o
repressive and unpopular regime.<span> </span>Zhao
stays out of the limelight</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<span><span>2)<span>
</span></span></span>2) Military operation fails, Zhao (whose removal
has nt been announced) reemerges as leader of a conciliation regime</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What do the students want?<span>
</span>An accountable government.<span> </span>I
still find it amazing that in the face of the popular outpouring that the
government still delivers policy statements, like Li Peng’s speech, as an
after-reported by product of his statement to an enlarged meeting.<span> </span>No attempt has been made to win <span lang="ZH-CN">人心</span><span lang="ZH-CN"> </span>by addressing the public directly on TV as our presidents
are so adept at doing.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So accountability, a government obligation to justify its
activities to the public.<span> </span>To achieve
these ends, press freedom, more open discussion, emerging pluralism in the party,
perhaps leading to a multi-party system.<span>
</span>I think its govt fear of attack on corruption and criticism of failed
policies concern them more than preserving the principle of democratic
centralism.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Tactically, I don’t think the students are in good shape
now.<span> </span>They will win the war but maybe
lose this battle.<span> </span>The strict news
blackout and party discipline will prevent any official shifts prior to the
first major confrontation.<span> </span>If the
students are routed from the square, they better have a good alternative
ready.<span> </span>Demonstrations against Li Peng? A
general strike?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
If the students want to win the confrontation in the square,
maybe they should move the hunger strikers</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5/21 </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
13:10 <span lang="ZH-CN">第二外语学院</span><span lang="ZH-CN"> </span>in Tongxian occupied by
military.<span> </span>Worker’s park full of
troops.<span> </span>Train station not occupied.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Bunch of tanks at wanquan n. of summer palace.<span> </span>People getting tired, not too many in square
today.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
16:15 fast ended, food urgently needed.<span> </span>Drive thru square, watchers few, don’t see
many ambulances, truck w/ supporters.<span>
</span>Big character posters at Dong Dan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Central areas honeycombed with tunnels built at same time as
subway.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5/21</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
8:45 Deng’s Angels [sic Flying Tigers] go by with enormous
Chinese flag.<span> </span>Maybe 200+ cycles</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
9:32 leave hotel</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
9:36 people crowding on Hino tour bus, can’t close door</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
9:44 emergency notice in front of friendship store <span lang="ZH-CN">伪</span>govt to
kill 200,000 before 5;00 AM, arrest a big bunch of people</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
9:48 another poster “300,000”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
9:52 loty of people on <span lang="ZH-CN">二环</span>bridge talking, sitting</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
10:00 <span lang="ZH-CN">敢死</span>banner<span> </span>passes International
Hotel</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
10:03 big crowd at train station.<span> </span>Normal train announcement “271 to Dandong”
parking lot normal.<span> </span>Troops withdrawn
inside.<span> </span>English tear gas trucks used
yesterday.<span> </span>4 trucks?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“5:00 out, 7:00 clean up [square], jails ready”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
10:20 little old ladies, ask for US support.<span> </span>Can red cross help? UN? Send 2 B-52s?<span> </span>complain govt corrupt, forced to buy
bonds.<span> </span>Deng’s son incompetent + rich.<span> </span>People seem eager to talk tonight.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
10:22 lot of people coming to train station.<span> </span>Push accordion bus out to block entrance to
train station.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
10:28 restaurants around Chongwenmen open for bss</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
10:34 2 buses across e-w street at Chongwernmen.<span> </span>Plan to seal completely at 11:00 PM.<span> </span>More buses blocking e +S intersections.<span> </span>People sitting on buses.<span> </span>Highway dividers stretched across
intersection, still leaving path for bikes.<span>
</span>Kids with headbands sitting at blocked-off subway entrance.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
10:43 Deng’s angels [sic Flying Tigers] go eastward apprx
200.<span> </span>Bit roar</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
10:49 Taijitang intersection not blocked.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“government too corrupt” ask for US govt help [missiles]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
10:52 crowd of people surround + applaud + shake hand say US
embassy man in square.<span> </span>Say they have
1000 knives and bricks.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
10:54 announce Shougang squad advancing on square”60-70,000
broadcast from? Bike</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
11:05 street not blocked near square, small march comes, <span lang="ZH-CN">北京市民自治委</span><span lang="ZH-CN"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
11:10 Qianmen not blocked off, lot of people, citizen
[watch] neon sign still on.<span> </span>Western approach
[to southern gate] of qianmen gate blocked (2 buses pulled from parking
lot).<span> </span>Main western road unblocked.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
11:15 Deng’s angels [sic flying tigers] pass Qianmen</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
11:18 people sleeping at BOC, China Insurance Co.<span> </span>All bright lights on in square?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
11:22 splitting street in front of GHOP of line of people w/
linked arms</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
11:25 sign “Li Peng <span lang="ZH-CN">下台</span>” w/ LP upside down.<span> </span>Piles of garbage at monument.<span> </span>Overcast.<span>
</span>Moon not bright.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Beijing music academy w/ banner “we must win” singing
beautifully [enter] north part of square just w of [GHOP] main entrance.<span> </span>[Controlled entry for those w/ student IDs
only].<span> </span>Reserved for students.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
11:30 soda delivery. Sign on bus “oppose fascist ?”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
11:36 [govt] broadcast reliable news.<span> </span>7:00 keji daxue visit to Nie rongzhen, denies
rumor of military action, just to protect order.<span> </span>Students pls help, pls leave and go back to
school.<span> </span>Quiet on north part of
square.<span> </span>Most people sleeping.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
11:50 don’t seem to be too many students.<span> </span>Continually broadcasting govt statement.<span> </span>Students very calm.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-CN">市民敢死队</span>seems attitude of ?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12:00 Wuerkaixi ?? pek citizens.<span> </span>Everybody [Pek citizens] to east side of GHOP
but no real movement.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Said Bush openly supported [students]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12:00 reliable news.<span>
</span>Hoisted down ?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12:06 broadcst starts “all marchers return to square.<span> </span>Stop marching + gather together.<span> </span>PA system having some trouble</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12:07 stop coming in temporarily.<span> </span>Those inside maintain order</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12:11 party member condemns li peng declaration as illegal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12:15 Students stand up [in] separate schools “act
independently” demand emergency meeting of Politburo/People’s Congress, Li Peng,
Deng leave office.<span> </span>“everybody get
organized”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12:25 Teams forming up, need ambulance w/ speaker</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Banner: Madder [sic ?] Xu Xiangqian said yesterday execute
anybody who suppresses students.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A lot of supporters in suburbs to block troops</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12:35 broadcast.<span>
</span>Examine credentials of ambulance chauffeurs.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12:36 keep calm</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12:37 order <span lang="ZH-CN">学生敢死队</span>to gather at left side of
memorial hall.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12:40 [keji] said they didn’t contact w/ Nie Rongzhen</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12:43 student association.<span>
</span>We are not withdrawing just mobilizing.<span>
</span>Stay calm</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12:49 passing out gas masks (toss in air [a handful of gauze
masks]) <span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12:50 music [broadcast].<span>
</span>Anthem?<span> </span>PA sucks.<span> </span>“If this keeps up (for several more days)
Beijing citizens can’t take it any more” [guy at square]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1:11 open letter to PLA.<span>
</span>No attacks on organizations [per] li Peng’s dongluan speech.<span> </span>Local soldiers wavering, so need to call in others.<span> </span>Zhao represents<span> </span><span lang="ZH-CN">民主</span>yundong.<span> </span>[Soldiers] don’t want to go down in history
as criminals.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-CN">市民敢死队</span> passes</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1:20 announce some supportive declarations.<span> </span>Leave square for west side?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1:30 reps of universities come up for important matter</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1:32 music again1:37 not too many people on <span lang="ZH-CN">长安</span>street.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1:41 maybe 1000 bicyclists + 2<sup>nd</sup> squad [pass]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1:44 girl writes “we love students” in my notes</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-CN">市民纠察会</span>on steps of history museum</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1:49 Xinhuashe banner marches around square [maybe most
important banner that night]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2:00 Deng’s Angels [sic Flying Tigers]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2:28 read supportive statement from Xinhua editors, no
violence, show no chaos, right on our side.<br />
<br />
2:37 square very quiet, lots of people sleeping</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2:51 at Qianmen student says keji daxue students mentioned
in govt report [as meeting w/ Nie Rongzhen] don’t exist.<span> </span>Pancake sellers busy</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3:00 Wuerkaixi: troops reached city by subway?<span> </span>General movement.<span> </span>No panic.<span>
</span>Student organizers go to lavatory.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3:07 70 students with linked hands go east on Chang An st</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3:11 Music + movement in north side of square.<span> </span>Many lavatory stops.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3:15 speech, interest + applause from crowd {broadcast dissn
by various schools if they should withdraw}</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3:16 woman: we won’t withdraw</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3:17 Wuerkaixi everyone in square.<span> </span>We won’t withdraw.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Emotional peroration</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3:20 people going across street into square</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3:25 keep cool.<span> </span>Won’t
withdraw.<span> </span>Not one person (schools giving
opinions on whether to withdraw.<span> </span>Troops
still blocked, maybe troops in city wont advance unless armored units
support.<span> </span>Maybe students [would] withdraw
to embassy section [in extremis].<span> </span>Troops
don’t know Zhao removed.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3:40 <span lang="ZH-CN">敢死队</span>lap.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3:41 Deng’s angels [sic flying tigers] plus contingent of several
dozen autos. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“If not for cycles, army would have made it in the first
night”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Train station 13 cars of troops in passenger wagons, no
armor</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3:53 ranks of bicycles 10 across right arms on left shoulder
[of neighbors].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3:56 bikes ”going to <span lang="ZH-CN">二环</span>” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
[citizen opinion] “if martial law can’t be imposed in 48
hours, it’s failed” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Many [?]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
4:06 crowd seems relaxed</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Current situation ‘feudal dictatorship’”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Wan Li also resigned?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Banner</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-CN">毛有子上前线</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-CN">赵有子搞彩电</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-CN">周无子?命干</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-CN">邓有子搞募捐</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-CN">人民有子谁营</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
4:22 big bike procession.<span>
</span>Then deng’s angels [sic flying tigers] in a cloud of diesel fumes and
honking horns.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
4:30 “Should strike to workers can support students”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
4:35 Deng’s angels [sic flying tigers], followed by sedan
corps</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
4:40 movement to west street</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Human chain ? chanting</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Xinhuashe marches past, singing.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
4:48 Deng’s angels [sic flying tigers] again.<span> </span>People/bikes.<span>
</span>Big bike army comes out.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5:02 nothing new at N of square [take a] nap</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5:20 sky lightening.<span>
</span>People seem to be leaving lights off</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5:27 bikes pass thru</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5:30 pek govt martial law [directorate] inflammatory
broadcast. Demand [stop to] maintaining barricades, commandeering cars,
blocking roads, ??, causing concern + uneasiness, motorcycle team endanger life
+ limb</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Rumor stop</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Outsiders leave</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Back to work</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Assist martial law</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Traffic police back to work</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Stop barricades</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5:40 big hand for 2 motorbikes</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5:45 guys says “Danger.<span>
</span>Drag this thing out –two days, some<span>
</span><span lang="ZH-CN">名堂</span>,
they’re not sleeping, they’re thinking.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
People leaving square in large numbers</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
6:02 buses still block Chang An Jie.<span> </span>At Dongdan enthusiastic rally at
intersection. “Stay in Tiananmen til final victory”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
6:08 Many big delegations arriving to square, <span lang="ZH-CN">高中,安阳,</span><span lang="ZH-CN"> </span>Zhengzhou, Hebei, <span lang="ZH-CN">四川</span> Tibetans</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Maybe should withdraw, leave empty square for army [to
occupy]”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5/22 day slept</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5/23</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Deng goes to Wuhan to “stabilize the south” talk to military
commander.<span> </span>Soldiers in station on
platforms 6-8</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
News 10:00 positive film report on square</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Train station has station to help students home, but also
mention more students coming in</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mention state council, news + others in march.<span> </span>No mention of numbers</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Subway back to normal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Very few accidents this week</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
6:00 heard “big news to be announced in 10 hrs”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
9:30 pm Gongzhufen/Liuliqiao people but no troops.<span> </span>Two buses to block, also logs, only on
northbound side</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mao’s portrait in square covered w/ dropcloth.<span> </span>Crane next to it.<span> </span>Driver said “maybe to hide his face from
incompetent govt” [actually cnn reported portrait defaced, students captured
them y turned over to authorities]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Jieyan actually curfew, not martial law (<span lang="ZH-CN">军营</span>).<span> </span>For instance, in the past on national day
people cud only go ontheir doorstep or go to parade in organized group.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Think government breathed a big sigh of relief when this
became a vendetta against Li Peng.<span> </span>A
challenge to the regime by a popular movement transformed into attack on one
faction by other enfranchised group, and the predictable, controllable minuet
of cables, news reports, rumor and television footage begins.<span> </span>Calls for structural change are ignored, the
issue of accountability is sidestepped, and the party remains the father and
mother of the people (the flip side of one party dictatorship), not its partner
n governance.<span> </span>(people can only
participate as victim in extremis to incite removal of leader for criminal
misconduct, but legal y political process still in state hands.<span> </span>People’s congress scheduled for
mid-June.<span> </span>Students demanding earlier
dates.<span> </span>Li Ruihuan spoke favorably on TSN
TV.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Rumor that Hainan repudiated Li as premier.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
During parades, tanks need special rubber treats, o/wise
tear up street.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Yang Shangkun’s army [sic son?] general of army at Fengtai</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5/24 </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
B**advised HK paper says Deng called Zhao traitor y counterrevolutionary.<span> </span>Wan Li returning home ahead of schedule.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Students must hold on until NPC y hv favorable outcome.<span> </span>Want <span lang="ZH-CN">新闻法</span>&<span lang="ZH-CN">游行法。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5/28 </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Wuerkaixi bad student, flunked out of Nationalities <span> </span>U + has failing grades at Beijing Normal.<span> </span>Student leaders not of high caliber.<span> </span>Maybe no change til emperor dies.<span> </span>He has qigong experts come in to do healing.<span> </span>Wan Li old bridge buddy who might
survive.<span> </span>All units have to organize
“Weiwen” groups to visit soldiers.<span> </span>Zhao
exceeded instructions in ADB speech, also didn’t mention bourgeois liberalism
in prior speech as instructed by Li Peng.<span>
</span>Does D’s son have $3.7 B in US acct?<span>
</span>“Who would have thought workers would have supported students?<span> </span>Or cooled off so quickly?”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5/30 20fot spirit of liberty statue.<span> </span>3 workers just arrested arnd 6:00 pm by
plainclothesmen in front of Beijing hotel.<span>
</span>Crowd gathering in front of <span lang="ZH-CN">公安部</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5/28 Liu Mang & Lao Hundan = Wei Zhengfu</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Govt broadcast letter of thanks to martial law & capital
protecting army</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
15:07 brooms from keji daxue</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
15:10 broadcast 5 citizens [from <span lang="ZH-CN">西城区</span>]thank
army.<span> </span>88 toothbrushes, 150 toothpaste,
150 soap, 150 towels to martial law army.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Tourist bureau delivers food to army.<span> </span>Daily chemicals factory delivers detergent.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5/30 </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Different atmosphere in square every night—tense, exultant,
apathetic, weary.<span> </span>Tonight it’s bring the
family to see the gypsum liberty statue made by zhongyang meishu yuan.<span> </span>Oldsters on pedal carts, families on bikes,
crowding around statue taking flash pictures.<span>
</span>Very big crowd</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
21:09 talking about plainclothes provocateurs investigated
by marshals</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
21:28 <span lang="ZH-CN">外高联</span>definitely won’t leave</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
21<span lang="ZH-CN">:</span>30 <span lang="ZH-CN">是高联</span>definitely won’t withdraw</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Apprx 100 red + blue collapsible nylon nikko tents donated
by HK Chinese in front of museum</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
21:37 concert cancelled “be calm” no activity tonight</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
21:40 taped music</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Maybe 20 years from now there will be a bronze replica of
the liberty statue on that spot</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5/31</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Wuerkaixi had lunch in Pek Hotel yesterday w/ 2
companions.<span> </span>Units being ordered to make
preparations to welcome the army.<span> </span>Many motorcyclists
being arrested (plainclothesmen rode w/ them notig license numbers).<span> </span>Have 3 days to report to police & have
license/cycle confiscated.<span> </span>Units
reporting in meeting who went to square how many times, what money given.<span> </span>200% duty on inward remittances by special
order of state council.<span> </span>Army should have
come in yesterday or today.<span> </span>Outside
students more extreme and confrontational than Beijingers.</div>
<span><br clear="all" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Fax to US received 7 pm Sunday June 4, 1989</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
6/2 (6/3 am) heard cries of comrades Get Up & sound of
big marching forces at 2:00 am, ran to square.<span>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1:50 [troops] pass Jianguo.<span>
</span>2:20 at Dong Dan.<span> </span>[People] start
putting up barricades.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2:30 Peking hotel</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2:35 <i>Hui qu! </i>[Go
back!] chant.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2:37 water truck blocks</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2:38 orange + black truck [blocks Chang An Jie].<span> </span>“UC on water truck”<span> </span>Zhongyang Meishuyuan banner in lead.<span> </span>Troops stopped.<span> </span>One soldier leaves, crying.<span> </span>[Person says] “<i>Bu da, bu da” </i>[Don’t hit him.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2:42 “Sit down” [but no one did]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2:43 Chant “zuo xia” [but no one did].<span> </span>[Troops] advanced to textile ministry [door].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2:45 cheering, <i>Hui qu</i>.<span> </span>Soldier throws out cap.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“10:00 Wang Fu St. blocked”.<span>
</span>3 killed by military car “accident”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2:49 Bull horn appears</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2:50 Push [by soldiers] at line [of people].<span> </span>Trucks across “Nanchi’ [Street west of peking
Hotel.<span> </span>Troops blocked on Street west of
Peking Hotel, resigned, relieved, couple 100.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2:57 “unfurl your banner” [old citizen to student]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2:58 soldier start jump over fence in disarray, turning into
crush [?].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3:01 “withdraw PLA, <i>ai
renmin” </i><span> </span>[love the people]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
[Soldiers] tired & bewildered. People applauding “<i>huanying´</i>[“welcome”]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3:04 soldier born away on cart.<span> </span>Collapsed soldier “just kids [said in
Chinese]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3:07 [some soldiers try to walk south on] Wangfujing.<span> </span>“Go straight, can’t go south”.<span> </span>Soldiers demoralized, disarray, sneakers,
rolled up trouser legs</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3:10 “? Disorder” cheer for bus [at square].<span> </span>Telling you 4 died at Mu Xi Di 9near Gong Zhu
Fen</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3:40 [sic]<span> </span>cart of
discarded military clothing.<span> </span>Trucks
still parked west of Peking Hotel.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3:22 Triumphal clothing cart proceeds to square, gathering
bikes.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3:30 Clothing cart goes to square.<span> </span>“Are there knives in there?” “Yes” [later
said plan to quarrel & attack students with knives]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3:32 [guys on bikes at squre chant] <i>“Beijing ren jinlaile” </i>“The Pekingers have arrived”.<span> </span><i>“Li
Peng liumang” </i>“Li Peng is a hooligan”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3:35 [students at memorial]<span>
</span>play tape with poetry and music over PA.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
[Read <i>chuandan</i>
under Jianguomen]: US $45 billion proceeds from corruption in overseas
accounts. <span> </span>RMB 5.7 billion for cars and
40 billion for <i>da he da chi </i>[boozing
and feasing] while 200 million are hungry.<span>
</span>700,000 supposed to march for government on June 2 [told for bonus of
RMB 10/head bu no one came out].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
[When I first saw troops marching past Jianguo to square, I
thought they were young pioneers, they were so young.<span> </span>Also, their tactics were so inept, I thought
they might represent units insufficiently loyal to Deng who were force-marched
20 km from Tongxian for a job thery were sure to fail, so Deng/Yang would have
an excuse for reorganization of military comment and promote their favorites
while purging others.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
[Later that day, around 3:00 walked past Liu Pukou where
traffic house busted, glass broken & jeep mauled (first time I had seen
damage) because of tear gas attack one hour before.<span> </span>Many troops were crowded around west gate of
Great Hall of People in helments and gear being heckled by students.<span> </span>Young man appears with no shirt, blood all
over face and chest.<span> </span>First violence I
saw.<span> </span>His bloody shirt was later
displayed.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
6/4 Probably 3-400,000 soldiers around Pek now.<span> </span>Maybe 30,000 troops mobilized out of Yuenan
(Yunnan?) just arrived day before (maybe flew into Nanyuan?).<span> </span>2 yrs imprisonment if they didn’t reach
square.<span> </span>Many died at Zhushikou, alley
sealed off & people all shot.<span> </span>Old
ladies out for air hit by stray bullets.<span>
</span>Taxi driver killed standing in front of Pek Hotel by stray.<span> </span>Dong Zhimen many killed, thought troops wud
only fire at feet, not to kill.<span> </span>In west,
many night shift workers on shift, onlookers killed.<span> </span>Bodies taken to Babaoshan for cremation.<span> </span>Many soldiers killed (separated from units or
stoned), also wujing (seven on bus killed) strangled by outraged people.<span> </span>Govt first sent in truckloads of Hebei
workers paid 50 RMB & a meal, many killed.<span>
</span>Tanks from Jianmenwai ordered to stop or turn for nothing, crushed truck
with 3 soldiers who got in the way.<span> </span>In
west killing began at Muxidi, battled all the way in, used reason of attack on
trucks at Liu pukang (after 2:00 pm gas attack) for entry, [?] om 301 Hospital
receiving oxygen, told them to go in at midnight “anybody who goes out of room
responsible for consequences.<span> </span>Reckless
firing of guns, not too many students killed, many innocent residents.<span> </span>8 tanks burned.<span> </span>Riot police trained in Poland.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
6/3 evening 10:56.<span>
</span>Tiananmen podium with crowd, “Minzhu Daxue” dedication ceremony end s
with blast of feedback.<span> </span>Singing “Internationale”.<span> </span>Very bad.<span>
</span>Treated as joke.<span> </span>Liupukou teargas
came in the Great Hall of People.<span> </span>Three
from Peking Hotel mentioned in CNN broadcast blocked.<span> </span>Sullen confusion.<span> </span>People with makeshift clubs.<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
11:39 Zhongnanhai pail shoved over security camera</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
11:44 more troops out of Zhongnanhai.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12:06 dozen muffled reports heard at Zhongnanhai.<span> </span>Teargas?<span>
</span>12:10 breaking up bricks.<span> </span>“Don’t
make ‘em too small”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12:19 Fu Youjie (just heard 2 armored personel carriers had
passed).<span> </span>5 buses & jeep blocking
N-S.<span> </span>“Dongzhimen pregnant woman’s leg
crushed”.<span> </span>Battle at History Museum (Mu
Xi Di).<span> </span>People taking rail fittings
(from dividers) tearing apart buses as weapons.<span>
</span>Big crowd behind buses blocking Xi Dan.<span>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12:37 bus of soldiers still stuck at Xidan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12:41 “armored cars in square” apparently fire to west.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12:42 feel tear gas.<span>
</span>“6 dead at Mu Xi Di”<span> </span>Gunshots,
advancing soldiers, wave of fear/withdrawal.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12:46 Gunshots “right here”.<span>
</span>See muzzle flashes.<span> </span>“ Might be
200 [crying girl, I’m<span> </span>…<span> </span>Pool of blood from victim of stray]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12:50 blood of shot student.<span>
</span>Start moving barricades.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
? at Dong Dan.<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
[Afterwards I stoped taking notes.<span> </span>I took cover in an alley, later in a
courtyard, where I was shown people shot in arm and foot.<span> </span>Saw apparently dead man being carried to
hospital on stretcher with gunshot wound in middle of chest covered with towel
with red circular stain.<span> </span>People to out
to alley opening on Gong Dan to look or retrieve bicycle, frequently chased
back by gunshots.<span> </span>Soldiers shooting at
everything.<span> </span>Continual volleys of shots,
bursts of semi-auto fire, big crowd singing International about 2 o’clock.<span> </span>Lot of concern for students.<span> </span>Shooting at Dongdan intersection, lasts until
3 o’clock.<span> </span>I’m warned Americans in
danger and I may be detained as spy or special agent or vanished so witnesses
won’t exist.<span> </span>Many requests to tell story
abroad, ask if Mafia can supply assassins to shoot Li [Peng] and Yang
[Shangkun].<span> </span>Many question if U.S. would
do it this way.<span> </span>Old lady says “Next time
you come back to China there won’t be anything, no students, no culture”
“People’s lives are worth nothing”.<span>
</span>Around 3:00 big plume of black smoke and orange flames, no more
shooting.<span> </span>Go out all buses charred, one
burning fiercely, no soldiers.<span> </span>I go
north to Xi Si.<span> </span>Told on way many died in
square.<span> </span>Across Xi Si to north side of
forbidden city, past some government offices.<span>
</span>I’m told to be careful twice.<span> </span>I’m
warned by a guy on a bike that I’m being followed, & he tells me sotto
vocetocross the street, then he asks me where I’m going.<span> </span>I say Jianguo, he tells me to go up the
alley, left, then left again.<span> </span>I turn
left and run into a dead end with some kind of military installation.<span> </span>Either the guy’s helpful w/ a bad knowledge
of the neighborhood, or an agent who very conveniently found out my
destination.<span> </span>Nothing can be done.<span> </span>Cross Chaoyang Bridge.<span> </span>Seem to hear hostile jeer “Nimen de an dou
xie le?<span> </span>Reference to failure of
purported plot?<span> </span>Rude <i>getihu </i>brings me over to talk some,
tells me APCs coming this way.<span>
</span>“Foreigners will get shot”.<span>
</span>Others direct me to side street to jinglun.<span> </span>On the way I’m told 2000+ dead.<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5:00 Return Jianguo through back-door of garage.[illegible ]
out to drive to square.<span> </span>CNN based on
knowledge limited to square says maybe more than 32 dead.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span> </span>[Clearly on Sunday
night the army’s orders were to stop for nothing and reach the square
regardless of the cost in human life.<span>
</span>Tactics were meant to achieve maximum intimidation and remove any
possibility of blockading the soldiers and reasoning with them.<span> </span>As a military assault against a hostile
target (not just random fire against demonstrators).<span> </span>Casualties were only limited by a total lack
of means of resistance by the people of Beijing.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>